Silicon

28.09000

27.98000

231-130-8

5J076063R1|Z4152N8IUI

1508

1346

DTXSID0051441

Black to gray, lustrous, needle-like crystals or octahedral platelets (cubic system); amorphous form is dark brown powder

2804690000

0

0.00000

Silicon powder, amorphous appears as a dark brown powder. Insoluble in water and denser than water. Burns readily when exposed to heat or flames, and may be difficult to extinguish. Water may not be effective in extinguishing flames. Used to make computer microchips.

2.33 g/cm³ @ Temp: 25 °C

1410 °C

2355 °C

H2O: INsoluble

Flammables area

0 mmHg (approx)

Combustible Solid in powder form.

Atomic number: 14; valence: 4, 2; poor conductor of electricity ... lattice constant (25 °C): 5.41987X10-8 cm; compressibility (vol/vol 0) at 25x10+3 kg/sq cm: 0.978; at 100x10+3 kg/sq cm: 0.940; dielectric constant: 13; covalent bond ionization energy at 0 K = 1.2 electron volt; band gap: 1.106 electron volt; impurity atom ionization energy: approx 0.04 electron volt; intrinsic resistivity at 300 K = 0.23 megaohm; average heat capacity (16-100 °C): 0.1774 cal/g/deg C|Temperature of transition: solid = 1683 degree K; liquid = 2750 degree K; Heat of transition: solid = 11.1 kcal/g mole; liquid = 71 kcal/g mole|Mohs hardness: 7; dielectric constant: 12; coordination number: 6|For more Other Experimental Properties (Complete) data for Silicon, Elemental (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Highly flammable. Insoluble in water. A significant dust explosion hazard.

Metals, Elemental and Powder, Active

Highly Flammable

SILICON POWDER, AMORPHOUS is a reducing agent. Ignites in fluorine gas at ordinary temperatures [Mellor 2:11-13 1946-47]. Burns spontaneously in gaseous chlorine. A mixture of silicon, aluminum, and lead oxide explodes when heated [Mellor 7:657 1946-47]. When heated with an alkali carbonate, a vigorous reaction attended by incandescence occurs [Mellor 6:164 1946-47]. Reacts violently with silver fluoride [Mellor 3:389 1946-47]. Reacts with sodium-potassium alloy to form sodium silicide, which is spontaneously flammable in air [Mellor 2 Supp. 2:564 1961].

-9.0550x10+8 J/kmol

Combustible Solid in powder form.

Dust explosion possible if in powder or granular form, mixed with air. If dry, it can be charged electrostatically by swirling, pneumatic transport, pouring, etc.

16 kJ/g

Critical temperature: 4886 °C; critical pressure: 53.6 MPa

III

4.1

UN 2922 8/PG 2

2

R11

S16-S33-S7/9

VW0400000

F

Separated from incompatible materials. See Chemical Dangers.

Stable. Fine powder is highly flammable. Incompatible with oxidizing agents, bases, carbonates, alkali metals, lead and aluminium oxides, halogens, carbides, formic acid.

P210

H228

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

When heated it will react with water or steam to produce /hydrogen gas/; can react with oxidizing materials.|Violent reactions with alkali carbonates, oxidants, (aluminum + lead monoxide), calcium, cesium carbide, cobaltic fluoride, iodine pentafluoride, manganese trifluoride, rubidium carbide, nitrosyl fluoride, silver fluoride, sodium-potassium alloy.|Interaction /of calcium with silicon/ is violently incandescent above 1050 °C after a short delay.|Mixtures /of cesium acetylide/ with ... silicon react vigorously on heating.|For more Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities (Complete) data for Silicon, Elemental (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

European Commission, ESIS; IUCLID Dataset, Silicon (7440-21-3) (2000 CD-ROM edition) contains information on use, toxicology, and environmental effects of this chemical as supplied to the European Union by industry.[Available from, as of May 17, 2010: http://esis.jrc.ec.europa.eu/]

Excerpt from ERG Guide 170 [Metals (Powders, Dusts, Shavings, Borings, Turnings, or Cuttings, etc.)]: May react violently or explosively on contact with water. Some are transported in flammable liquids. May be ignited by friction, heat, sparks or flames. Some of these materials will burn with intense heat. Dusts or fumes may form explosive mixtures in air. Containers may explode when heated. May re-ignite after fire is extinguished. (ERG, 2016)|Combustible under specific conditions. Finely dispersed particles form explosive mixtures in air. Risk of fire and explosion on contact with halogens or oxidizing agents.|Flammable - 3rd degree

Not Classified| |Warning|H228: Flammable solid [Danger Flammable solids]|P210, P240, P241, P264, P280, P305+P351+P338, P337+P313, and P370+P378

Excerpt from ERG Guide 170 [Metals (Powders, Dusts, Shavings, Borings, Turnings, or Cuttings, etc.)]: As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 50 meters (160 feet). FIRE: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2016)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 170 [Metals (Powders, Dusts, Shavings, Borings, Turnings, or Cuttings, etc.)]: ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area). Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. (ERG, 2016)

Skin: No recommendation is made specifying the need for personal protective equipment for the body. Eyes: Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact. Wash skin: No recommendation is made specifying the need for washing the substance from the skin (either immediately or at the end of the work shift). Remove: No recommendation is made specifying the need for removing clothing that becomes wet or contaminated. Change: No recommendation is made specifying the need for the worker to change clothing after the work shift. (NIOSH, 2016)|Wear appropriate chemical protective gloves, boots, and goggles. /Silicon powder, amorphous/|Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.|(See protection codes)

Elemental silicon is flammable when exposed to flame or by chemical reaction with oxidizers.|Burns spontaneously in gaseous chlorine ... The reaction of silicon and sodium-potassium alloy forms sodium silicide, which is spontaneously flammable in air.

Miniumum explosive concentration: 160 g/cu m|Finely dispersed particles form explosive mixtures in air.|Mixture of silicon, aluminum, and lead oxide explodes when heated. When manganese trifluoride is heated in glass, a violent reaction involving silicon occurs in the glass. Reacts violently with silver fluoride.|During the reduction of iridium hexafluoride, osmium hexafluoride or rhenium hexafluoride with silicon to the pentafluorides, the hexafluorides must not be condensed directly onto undiluted silicon powder, or explosions may result. The same is true for molybdenum hexafluoride and uranium hexafluoride.

This chemical is a combustible solid. Use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, or foam extinguishers ... If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Notify local health and fire officials and pollution control agencies. From a secure, explosion-proof location, use water spray to cool exposed containers. If cooling streams are ineffective (venting sound increases in volume and pitch, tank discolors or shows any signs of deforming), withdraw immediately to a secure position ... The only respirators recommended for fire fighting are self-contained breathing apparatuses that have full facepieces and are operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode.|If material on fire or involved in fire: Solid streams of water may spread fire. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Use dry chemical, graphite, or dry earth. /Silicon powder, amorphous/|Water may not be effective in extinguishing the flames. /Silicon powder, amorphous/

Reacts violently with fire extinguishing agents such as water.

Spill handling: evacuate persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until clean-up is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Collect powdered material in the most convenient and safe manner and deposit in sealed containers. Ventilate area after clean-up is complete. It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as a hazardous waste. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Contact your Department of Environmental Protection or your regional office of the federal EPA for specific recommendations.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.|If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers. /Silicon powder, amorphous/|Personnel protection: Avoid breathing dusts, and fumes from burning material. Avoid bodily contact with the material ... Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment. Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water. /Silicon powder, amorphous/|Prevent deposition of dust; closed system, dust explosion-proof electrical equipment and lighting. Prevent build-up of electrostatic charges (e.g., by grounding).|Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical.

/GUIDE 170: METALS (POWDERS, DUSTS, SHAVINGS, BORINGS, TURNINGS, OR CUTTINGS, ETC.)/ Fire or Explosion: May react violently or explosively on contact with water. Some are transported in flammable liquids. May be ignited by friction, heat, sparks or flames. Some of these materials will burn with intense heat. Dusts or fumes may form explosive mixtures in air. Containers may explode when heated. May re-ignite after fire is extinguished. /Silicon powder, amorphous/|/GUIDE 170: METALS (POWDERS, DUSTS, SHAVINGS, BORINGS, TURNINGS, OR CUTTINGS, ETC.)/ Health: Oxides from metallic fires are a severe health hazard. Inhalation or contact with substance or decomposition products may cause severe injury or death. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution. /Silicon powder, amorphous/|/GUIDE 170: METALS (POWDERS, DUSTS, SHAVINGS, BORINGS, TURNINGS, OR CUTTINGS, ETC.)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Stay upwind. Keep unauthorized personnel away. /Silicon powder, amorphous/|/GUIDE 170: METALS (POWDERS, DUSTS, SHAVINGS, BORINGS, TURNINGS, OR CUTTINGS, ETC.)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection. /Silicon powder, amorphous/|For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for Silicon, Elemental (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./|The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.|The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

May cause eye irritation. May cause skin irritation. May cause respiratory tract irritation.

Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-1 8-hr Time Weighted Avg: 15 mg/cu m. /Total dust/|Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-1 8-hr Time Weighted Avg: 5 mg/cu m. /Respirable fraction/|Vacated 1989 OSHA PEL 10 mg/cu m is still enforced in some states. /Total/

Recommended Exposure Limit: 10 Hr Time-Weighted avg: 10 mg/cu m (total particulate).|Recommended Exposure Limit: 10 Hr Time-Weighted avg: 5 mg/cu m (respiratory fraction).

Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting.

Separated from incompatible materials. See Chemical Dangers.

A nuisance-causing concentration of airborne particles can be reached quickly when dispersed.

May cause mechanical irritation to the eyes and respiratory tract.

NO open flames. Closed system, dust explosion-proof electrical equipment and lighting. Prevent deposition of dust. Prevent build-up of electrostatic charges (e.g., by grounding).

Use local exhaust or breathing protection.

Protective gloves.

Wear safety goggles.

| 1 - Materials that, under emergency conditions, can cause significant irritation.| 2 - Materials that must be moderately heated or exposed to relatively high ambient temperatures before ignition can occur. Materials would not under normal conditions form hazardous atmospheres with air, but under high ambient temperatures or under moderate heating could release vapor in sufficient quantities to produce hazardous atmospheres with air.| 0 - Materials that in themselves are normally stable, even under fire conditions.

LC50; Rabbit (alveolar macrophages in culture); Concentration: 199 ug/mL for 20 hr (95% confidence limits 116-339 mg/mL); Conditions: temp 37 °C|LD50 Rat oral 3160 mg/kg

Silicon is not found free in nature, but occurs chiefly as the oxide, and as silicates. Sand, quartz, rock crystal, amethyst, agate, flint, jasper, and opal are some of the oxide forms. Granite, hornblende, asbestos, feldspar, clay mica, etc. are but a few of the numerous silicate minerals. Twenty-four radioactive isotopes are recognized. Silicon makes up 25.7% of the earth's crust, by weight, and is the second most abundant element.|Three naturally occurring isotopes: 28 (92.18%); 29 (4.71%); 30 (3.12%) ... Found as silica (quartz, sand, sandstone) or as silicate (feldspar, orthoclase, kaolinite, anorthite).

According to the 2006 TSCA Inventory Update Report, the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed in the industrial manufacturing, processing, and use workers of silicon is 1,000 or greater; the data may be greatly underestimated(1).|NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 693,583 workers (28,164 of these were female) were potentially exposed to silicon in the US(1).

A group of chemical elements that are needed in minute quantities for the proper growth, development, and physiology of an organism. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed) (See all compounds classified as Trace Elements.)

In 36 patients suffering from chronic renal failure (mean creatinine clearance 26 mL/min), serum silicon levels were significantly increased (mean 0.52 microgram/mL compared with 0.265 microgram/mL in normals; p less than 0.005). Urinary silicon excretion per 24 hr was significantly decreased (15.71 mg/24 hr compared with 21.4 mg/24 hr in normals; p less than 0.001). Fractional excretion of silicon (FESi) was significantly increased in chronic renal failure (p less than 0.001), with overall tubular secretion of silicon in 33% of patients. Urinary excretion of silicon was significantly related to urinary calcium excretion (p less than 0.0001) urinary magnesium excretion (p less than 0.0001) creatinine clearance (p less than 0.05) and sodium excretion (p less than 0.05). It is suggested that urinary silicon is in the form of orthosilicate, principally bound to calcium and magnesium; and that in chronic renal failure the increase in FESi, and the decrease in absorbed Si from the gastrointestinal tract, moderate the increase in plasma silicon levels and prevent excessive entry of silicon into the tissues.|The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation.

Impurities: Boron, aluminum; garium; indium; germanium; tin; phosphorus; arsenic; antimony; copper; oxygen; sulfur; iron; tellurium

Excerpt from ERG Guide 170 [Metals (Powders, Dusts, Shavings, Borings, Turnings, or Cuttings, etc.)]: Oxides from metallic fires are a severe health hazard. Inhalation or contact with substance or decomposition products may cause severe injury or death. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution. (ERG, 2016)

Eye: If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical. Breathing: If a person breathes large amounts of this chemical, move the exposed person to fresh air at once. Other measures are usually unnecessary. Swallow: If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately. (NIOSH, 2016)|(See procedures)

Fresh air, rest.

Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Irritating materials/|Basic Treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Encourage patient to take deep breaths. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . /Irritating materials/|Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Early intubation at the first sign of upper airway obstruction may be necessary. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... .Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Irritating materials/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Causes irritation of the eyes, skin, and upper respiratory system; cough. Silicon dust does not produce significant organic disease or toxic effect when exposures are kept under reasonable control. Unpleasant deposits may be caused in eyes, ears, and nasal passages, and injury to the skin and mucous membranes may be cause by the dust itself or by cleansing procedures used for its removal.|/CASE REPORTS/ ... Increased renal silicon (200 ppm dry weight; normal = 14-23 ppm) /was found/ in an adult male bricklayer who presented with proteinuria and hypertension, but who had a normal chest roentgenogram. Moderate thickening of the glomerular basement membrane was noted on transmission electron microscopy.|/ALTERNATIVE and IN VITRO TESTS/ ...The in vitro cytotoxicity of mesoporous silicon (PSi) microparticles on the Caco-2 cells /is described/ as a function of particle size fractions (1.2-75 microm), particle concentration (0.2-4 mg/mL) and incubation times (3, 11 and 24 hr). The particle size (smaller PSi particles showed higher cytotoxicity) and the surface chemistry treatment of the PSi microparticles were considered to be the key factors regarding the toxicity aspects. These effects were significant after the 11 and 24 hr exposure times, and were explained by cell-particle interactions involving mitochondrial disruption resulting from ATP depletion and reactive oxygen species production induced by the PSi surface. These events further induced an increase in cell apoptosis and consequent cell damage and cell death in a dose-dependent manner and as a function of the PSi particle size. These effects were, however, less pronounced with thermally oxidized PSi particles. Under the experimental conditions tested and at particle sizes >25 um, the non-toxic threshold concentration for thermally hydrocarbonized and carbonized PSi particles was <2 mg/mL, and for thermally oxidized PSi microparticles was <4 mg/mL.|/OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ ... /The authors/ examined inorganic particles in the pulmonary hilar lymph nodes affected by idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF)/usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) to investigate whether inhaled elements are involved in the etiology, and whether there is an increasing risk of developing IPF/UIP. Twenty-three IPF/UIP cases and 23 controls without IPF/UIP were investigated. Pulmonary hilar lymph nodes constituted the study material. The elemental analysis was performed using scanning electron microscopy with an energy dispersive X-ray spectroscope, and ... particles /were analyzes/ quantitatively and qualitatively. The results showed that the cases contained silicon and aluminum as compared with the control in lymph nodes, and these deposits were statistically significantly associated with an increased risk of IPF/UIP (adjusted odds were 2.99, 95% CI: 1.29-6.85 and 57.84, 95% CI: 1.45-2306.19, respectively)...

Silicon

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation.|inhalation, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

irritation eyes, skin, upper respiratory system; cough

Cough.

Redness. Roughness.

Redness.

Eyes, skin, respiratory system

ALUMINUM ALLOYS, 54%; MFR OF SILICONES, 40%; STEEL ALLOYS, 2%; MISCELLANEOUS USES, 4% (1979)|Transportation, 32%; chemicals, 20%; machinery, 17%; construction, 13%; and other, 18% (1986)|Most ferrosilicon was consumed in the ferrous foundry and steel industries, predominantly in the eastern part of the United States. The main consumers of silicon metal were producers of aluminum and aluminum alloys and the chemical industry. The semiconductor and solar industries, which manufacture chips for computers and photovoltaic cells from high-purity silicon, respectively, accounted for only a small percentage of silicon demand.

GRADES: FERROSILICON, REGULAR (97% SILICON), SEMICONDUCTOR OR HYPERPURE (99.97% SILICON), AMORPHOUS|Specifications and standards for the various grades of silicon have been thoroughly detailed by the American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) /which/ recommends that the producer furnish with each silicon shipment an analysis showing its Si content, and on request, to include content of Carbon, Sulfur, Phosphorus, Aluminum and Manganese. At present, there are 10 different grades based primarily on silicon content and/or additive elements.|Although the metallurgical silicon industry depends on product purity in the 95-99% range at best, impurities in semiconductor-grade silicon are measured in parts per billion. ... Semiconductor applications require single-crystal silicon.

Aerospace|Silicon: ACTIVE|In single-crystal silicon, the molecular structure-which is the arrangement of atoms in the material-is uniform, because the entire structure is grown from the same crystal. This uniformity is ideal for transferring electrons efficiently through the material. To make an effective photovoltaic cell, however, silicon has to be "doped" with other elements to make it n-type and p-type.|Semicrystalline silicon consists of several smaller crystals or grains, which introduce boundaries. These boundaries impede the flow of electrons and encourage them to recombine with holes to reduce the power output of the solar cell. However, semicrystalline silicon is much less expensive to produce than single-crystalline silicon.|It is the second most abundant element (25% of the earth's crust) and is the most important semi-conducting element; it can form more compounds than any other element except carbon.|Demand for silicon metal comes primarily from the aluminum and chemical industries. U.S. chemical production decreased by 4.7% in 2008 compared with that in 2007.

Method: EPA-ORD/EPA-OST IO-3.3; Procedure: X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy; Analyte: silicon; Matrix: air; Detection Limit: 8 nanogram/sq m.|Method: AOAC 965.07; Procedure: colorimetric method; Analyte: silicon; Matrix: liming materials (limestone, slag, marl, burnt lime, hydrated lime); Detection Limit: not provided.|NEW CHEMILUMINESCENCE METHODS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS OF VOLATILIZED SILICON BY MOLECULAR EMISSION CAVITY ANALYSIS.|DETERMINATION OF SILICON IN ANIMAL FEED BY INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA EMISSION SPECTROMETRY.|For more Analytic Laboratory Methods (Complete) data for Silicon, Elemental (13 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

TECHNIQUE, BASED ON EXAM OF 2-3 DROPS OF BLOOD BY SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY & ENERGY-DISPERSIVE X-RAY ANALYSIS IS DESCRIBED FOR DETERMINING AMT OF SILICON WORKER HAS BEEN EXPOSED TO.|DETERMINATION OF SILICON IN BIOL MATRICES BY INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA EMISSION SPECTROMETRY. SUBSTRATES INCL BLOOD, URINE, & FECES.|Silicon in biologic tisues and fluids can be determined by the method of proton-induced X-ray emission. After the tissue digestion with nitric acid, a HCl-HNO3 mixture, or H2O2, a thin film of the digested sample is bombarded with protons from a Van de Graaf accelerator. Analysis time is 15 min using only a few milligrams of sample. Sensitivity is of the order of <1 ppm, silicon being at the upper limit because of its lower atomic weight.

Fire Hazards -> Flammable - 3rd degree